Passage 1: The Evolution of Modern Architecture
Paragraph A Modern architecture, characterized by minimalism, simplicity, and functionality, emerged in the late 19th and early 20th centuries. This movement was a response to the industrial revolution and a departure from the ornate styles of the past. Architects like Le Corbusier, Ludwig Mies van der Rohe, and Frank Lloyd Wright were pioneers in this field, emphasizing the use of new materials like steel and concrete.
Paragraph B Le Corbusier's concept of the "Five Points of Architecture" laid the foundation for modern architectural design. He advocated for the use of pilotis (supports), flat roofs, open floor plans, horizontal windows, and free facades. These elements allowed for more open and flexible spaces, which were a stark contrast to the rigid and compartmentalized layouts of previous eras.
Paragraph C Another key figure, Ludwig Mies van der Rohe, famously coined the phrase "less is more," which encapsulated the essence of modern architecture. His designs focused on clean lines, open spaces, and the elimination of unnecessary details. Mies' work, such as the Barcelona Pavilion, is a testament to the beauty of simplicity and the innovative use of materials.
Paragraph D Frank Lloyd Wright, on the other hand, developed the concept of organic architecture, which sought to harmonize buildings with their natural surroundings. His most famous work, Fallingwater, is a prime example of this philosophy, where the house appears to be a natural extension of the waterfall over which it is built.
Paragraph E The modern architecture movement has had a lasting impact on the way buildings are designed and constructed. The principles of simplicity, functionality, and the use of modern materials continue to influence architects today, as they strive to create spaces that are both beautiful and practical.
Questions 1-5: Matching Information
Match each statement with the correct paragraph (A-E).
1. The architect known for the phrase "less is more."2. The concept that integrates buildings with their environment.
3. The use of pilotis, flat roofs, and open floor plans.
4. The influence of the industrial revolution on architecture.
5. The lasting impact of modern architecture principles.
Questions 6-8: Multiple Choice
Choose the correct answer, A, B, C, or D.
6. Which architect is associated with organic architecture?
- A) Le Corbusier
- B) Ludwig Mies van der Rohe
- C) Frank Lloyd Wright
- D) Antoni Gaudí
7. What material became popular in modern architecture?
- A) Wood
- B) Steel
- C) Brick
- D) Marble
8. What is one characteristic of modern architecture?
- A) Ornate decorations
- B) Symmetry
- C) Minimalism
- D) Classical columns
Passage 2: The Science of Sleep
Paragraph A Sleep is a fundamental biological process that plays a crucial role in maintaining overall health and well-being. It is during sleep that the body undergoes various restorative processes, including muscle repair, memory consolidation, and the regulation of hormones. Despite its importance, many people struggle to get enough sleep, leading to various health issues.
Paragraph B The sleep cycle consists of several stages, including light sleep, deep sleep, and REM (rapid eye movement) sleep. Each stage serves a different function, with deep sleep being the most restorative and REM sleep being associated with dreaming and memory consolidation. The sleep cycle repeats multiple times throughout the night, with each cycle lasting approximately 90 minutes.
Paragraph C One of the most common sleep disorders is insomnia, which affects millions of people worldwide. Insomnia can be caused by various factors, including stress, anxiety, and poor sleep hygiene. Chronic insomnia can lead to serious health problems, such as cardiovascular disease, diabetes, and depression.
Paragraph D Another prevalent sleep disorder is sleep apnea, characterized by the temporary cessation of breathing during sleep. This condition is often caused by the relaxation of throat muscles, which blocks the airway. Sleep apnea can result in fragmented sleep, excessive daytime sleepiness, and an increased risk of heart disease.
Paragraph E Improving sleep quality often involves making lifestyle changes, such as maintaining a regular sleep schedule, creating a comfortable sleep environment, and avoiding stimulants like caffeine before bed. In some cases, medical interventions may be necessary to treat underlying sleep disorders and improve overall sleep health.
Questions 9-13: True/False/Not Given
Do the following statements agree with the information in the passage? Write:
- True if the statement agrees with the information
- False if the statement contradicts the information
- Not Given if there is no information on this
10. Insomnia can be caused by poor sleep hygiene.
11. Sleep apnea is characterized by the temporary cessation of breathing.
12. All sleep disorders require medical intervention.
13. Caffeine consumption can negatively affect sleep quality.
Questions 14-18: Sentence Completion
Complete the sentences below. Choose NO MORE THAN TWO WORDS from the passage for each answer.
14. Deep sleep is crucial for ____________ and physical recovery.15. A full sleep cycle typically lasts around ____________ minutes.
16. Insomnia can lead to serious health problems, such as cardiovascular disease and ____________.
17. Sleep apnea is caused by the relaxation of ____________ muscles.
18. One way to improve sleep quality is to maintain a regular ____________.
Passage 3: The Impact of Social Media on Society
Paragraph A Social media has transformed the way people communicate, share information, and connect with others. Platforms like Facebook, Twitter, and Instagram have become integral parts of daily life, offering users the ability to interact with a global audience. However, the rise of social media has also brought about significant changes in societal behavior and norms.
Paragraph B One of the most notable impacts of social media is its effect on interpersonal relationships. While it has made it easier to stay in touch with friends and family, it has also led to a decrease in face-to-face interactions. Many people now rely on social media as their primary means of communication, which can lead to feelings of isolation and loneliness.
Paragraph C Social media has also played a role in shaping public opinion and influencing political events. The ability to share information rapidly has empowered individuals to mobilize for social causes, but it has also led to the spread of misinformation and the manipulation of public sentiment. The echo chamber effect, where users are exposed only to information that aligns with their beliefs, has contributed to increased polarization in society.
Paragraph D The impact of social media on mental health is another area of concern. Studies have shown that excessive use of social media is linked to anxiety, depression, and a negative body image. The constant comparison to others and the pressure to present a curated, idealized version of oneself can have detrimental effects on self-esteem and overall well-being.
Paragraph E Despite these challenges, social media has also brought about positive changes. It has provided a platform for marginalized voices, facilitated global communication, and allowed for the rapid dissemination of information. The key to navigating the impact of social media lies in finding a balance between its benefits and its potential pitfalls.
Questions 19-23: Matching Headings
Choose the correct heading for each paragraph from the list below.
i. The Role of Social Media in Political Events
ii. Positive Effects of Social Media
iii. Social Media and Interpersonal Relationships
iv. The Impact on Mental Health
v. The Rise of Social Media Platforms
vi. Challenges in Navigating Social Media
19. Paragraph A20. Paragraph B
21. Paragraph C
22. Paragraph D
23. Paragraph E
Questions 24-26: Summary Completion
Complete the summary using the list of words A-G below.
Social media has significantly altered the way people _______(24)_____ and share information. While it has made communication easier, it has also contributed to feelings of ______(25)______ and has influenced public opinion. Additionally, the pressure to present an idealized version of oneself on social media can negatively impact _____(26)_______.
Questions 27-40: Multiple Choice
Choose the correct answer, A, B, C, or D.
27. What has social media reduced in interpersonal communication?- A) Written letters
- B) Telephone calls
- C) Face-to-face interactions
- D) Video calls
- A) By slowing down information dissemination
- B) By preventing misinformation
- C) By mobilizing individuals for social causes
- D) By reducing public participation
- A) Improved self-esteem
- B) Increased face-to-face interactions
- C) Anxiety and depression
- D) Stronger community ties
- A) Providing a platform for marginalized voices
- B) Facilitating global communication
- C) Creating echo chambers
- D) Allowing rapid information dissemination
- A) Exposure to diverse opinions
- B) Being exposed only to similar viewpoints
- C) Increased physical interactions
- D) Improved political discourse
- A) To increase online followers
- B) To avoid misinformation
- C) To maximize benefits while minimizing harm
- D) To reduce the global digital divide
- A) Misinformation
- B) Echo chambers
- C) Curated, idealized self-presentation
- D) Global communication
- A) Delayed sharing of information
- B) The rapid speed of information dissemination
- C) Increased face-to-face interactions
- D) The reduction of global communication
- A) By silencing dissenting voices
- B) By providing a platform for visibility and advocacy
- C) By increasing polarization
- D) By decreasing global communication
- A) Reduced global communication
- B) Increased isolation and loneliness
- C) The echo chamber effect
- D) The rapid dissemination of information
- A) It neutralizes all opinions
- B) It manipulates public opinion through misinformation
- C) It prevents the spread of political ideas
- D) It decreases public engagement in social causes
- A) Excessive face-to-face interactions
- B) The pressure to stay connected with everyone
- C) The lack of written communication
- D) Increased reliance on digital communication
- A) It boosts their confidence
- B) It leads to greater physical health
- C) It can cause anxiety and negative self-esteem
- D) It prevents loneliness
- A) Completely avoiding it
- B) Finding a balance between its pros and cons
- C) Only using it for entertainment
- D) Following all online trends
Answers
Passage 1: The Evolution of Modern Architecture
1. B2. D
3. B
4. A
5. E
6. C
7. B
8. C